商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)領域(yu)，人(ren)人(ren)都(dou)在說供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)，國(guo)際(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)貿的(de)關鍵也聚焦(jiao)于(yu)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)，那么(me)到(dao)底什么(me)是供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)呢(ni)？供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(Supplychain)是指為了提(ti)供(gong)和滿足關鍵企業(ye)或消費者(zhe)等(deng)使用方生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、生(sheng)活所需要的(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)或服(fu)務，相(xiang)關組織或個(ge)人(ren)對(dui)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)資(zi)料(liao)進行(xing)一系列(lie)包(bao)括但不限于(yu)“開(kai)采、加工、生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、集成、包(bao)裝、銷(xiao)售、運輸”等(deng)行(xing)為，完成將(jiang)上(shang)述需要的(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)或服(fu)務成功(gong)交付給使用方的(de)全過程以(yi)及(ji)各環節和節點上(shang)的(de)行(xing)為主體，統稱(cheng)為供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)。而從另外(wai)一個(ge)角度來說：供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)包(bao)含了原(yuan)料(liao)供(gong)貨(huo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、倉(cang)儲商(shang)(shang)(shang)、運輸商(shang)(shang)(shang)、分銷(xiao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、零(ling)售商(shang)(shang)(shang)以(yi)及(ji)終端(duan)客戶等(deng)多個(ge)主體的(de)系統。供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)管(guan)理(li)(li)需要考慮供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)風險管(guan)理(li)(li)，如(ru)建立風險管(guan)理(li)(li)體系、制(zhi)定應(ying)(ying)急(ji)預案等(deng)，提(ti)高(gao)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)風險管(guan)理(li)(li)能力。國(guo)際(ji)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)管(guan)理(li)(li)流(liu)程

當供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)各節點企(qi)業(ye)只根據來(lai)自相鄰的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)游企(qi)業(ye)（一般稱為(wei)顧客和(he)(he)買(mai)方）的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)做出生(sheng)產和(he)(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給決策時(shi)，需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)不真(zhen)實(shi)性會(hui)沿著(zhu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)逆流(liu)而(er)上，使訂(ding)(ding)(ding)貨(huo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)逐級放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)，到達源頭供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商時(shi)，其(qi)獲(huo)得的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)市場上的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)顧客需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)發生(sheng)了很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)偏差，需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)扭(niu)曲將實(shi)際(ji)需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)。原(yuan)因：1、需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)預(yu)測修正：指供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)成員采用其(qi)直接的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)游訂(ding)(ding)(ding)貨(huo)數據作為(wei)市場需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號時(shi)，即需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)；2、訂(ding)(ding)(ding)貨(huo)批量(liang)(liang)(liang)決策：指周期性訂(ding)(ding)(ding)貨(huo)決策或者訂(ding)(ding)(ding)單推動(dong)；3、價格(ge)波動(dong)：反映了一種(zhong)商業(ye)行為(wei)，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于一些(xie)促銷手(shou)段造成的(de)(de)(de)，如價格(ge)折扣、數量(liang)(liang)(liang)折扣、贈(zeng)票等(deng)；4、短(duan)缺(que)博弈：是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)現(xian)象，當需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)大(da)(da)于供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)時(shi)，理(li)(li)性的(de)(de)(de)決策是(shi)(shi)(shi)按(an)照用戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)貨(huo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)比例分配現(xian)有(you)庫存供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。此時(shi)用戶(hu)就(jiu)為(wei)了獲(huo)得更大(da)(da)份額(e)的(de)(de)(de)配給量(liang)(liang)(liang)，故(gu)意地夸大(da)(da)其(qi)訂(ding)(ding)(ding)貨(huo)需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，當需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)降溫(wen)時(shi)，訂(ding)(ding)(ding)貨(huo)又突然(ran)消失。方法(fa)：1.提(ti)(ti)(ti)高供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)共(gong)享；2.科學(xue)確(que)定定價決策；3.提(ti)(ti)(ti)高運營管(guan)理(li)(li)水(shui)平，縮(suo)短(duan)提(ti)(ti)(ti)前(qian)期；4.提(ti)(ti)(ti)高供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)透明(ming)度；5.建立戰略性合作伙伴(ban)。珠海服裝供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)公司流(liu)程(cheng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)管(guan)理(li)(li)需要(yao)考慮供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)，如建立質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)體系(xi)、提(ti)(ti)(ti)高產品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)等(deng)，提(ti)(ti)(ti)高供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)水(shui)平和(he)(he)效(xiao)率。

供應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)理是圍繞把供應(ying)(ying)商(shang)、制(zhi)造商(shang)、倉庫、配送中心和渠道商(shang)有機結合成(cheng)一體這個問題來展開的(de)(de)，因此它(ta)包括企業許多(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)次上的(de)(de)活動，包括戰略層(ceng)(ceng)次、戰術層(ceng)(ceng)次和作業層(ceng)(ceng)次等。1、對(dui)制(zhi)造商(shang)，成(cheng)本(ben)降低、實現(xian)數量(liang)(liang)上的(de)(de)折扣和穩定的(de)(de)價格、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)產(chan)品質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)又降低庫存水(shui)平、改(gai)善時間管(guan)理、縮短交貨提(ti)(ti)前(qian)期和提(ti)(ti)高(gao)可靠性。2、對(dui)供應(ying)(ying)商(shang)，保證有穩定的(de)(de)市場需求(qiu)、對(dui)用戶(hu)需求(qiu)更好地理解、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)運作質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)零部(bu)件生產(chan)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、降低生產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)對(dui)買主交貨期改(gai)變的(de)(de)反應(ying)(ying)速度。3、對(dui)于雙方，可以有效(xiao)地減少成(cheng)員之間的(de)(de)重復下作，易時除流(liu)程的(de)(de)多(duo)余步驟，使供應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)流(liu)程低成(cheng)本(ben)、高(gao)效(xiao)化。

供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)上下(xia)游企(qi)業(ye)為了謀求各自(zi)收益(yi)大化(hua)，在單獨決(jue)策的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中確定(ding)的(de)產品價格(ge)高于其生產邊際成本的(de)現象。如果(guo)下(xia)游企(qi)業(ye)的(de)定(ding)價過(guo)高，必然會造成市場需(xu)求的(de)萎縮，導致供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)總體(ti)收益(yi)下(xia)降(jiang)。原因：企(qi)業(ye)個體(ti)利(li)益(yi)大化(hua)的(de)目標和(he)整體(ti)利(li)益(yi)大化(hua)的(de)目標不一致。沒(mei)有體(ti)現供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)共擔(dan)風險的(de)原則。影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)：如果(guo)不能很好解決(jue)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)管理的(de)績效(xiao)水平會大打折(zhe)扣(kou)，進(jin)而影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)人們(men)實施供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)管理的(de)信(xin)心。方法：供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)（回購契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)、收入共享契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)、數量(liang)(liang)折(zhe)扣(kou)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)、小購買數量(liang)(liang)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)、數量(liang)(liang)柔性契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)；質量(liang)(liang)擔(dan)保契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)）供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)契(qi)(qi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)作(zuo)用：1.減少長(chang)鞭效(xiao)應(ying)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang);2,實現供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)系統(tong)的(de)協調，消除雙重邊際效(xiao)應(ying)；3.增強供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)成員的(de)合作(zuo)關系。供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)管理需(xu)要考慮供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)可視化(hua)，如實時監控供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)各環節的(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)和(he)數據，提高決(jue)策效(xiao)率和(he)反應(ying)速(su)度。

供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)眾多，按照不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分類標準可分為不(bu)同(tong)類型(xing)：1、根據范圍不(bu)同(tong)劃(hua)分，1）內部(bu)(bu)(bu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)：指(zhi)企(qi)業內部(bu)(bu)(bu)產品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)產和流(liu)通(tong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)(suo)涉及的(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)購部(bu)(bu)(bu)門、生(sheng)(sheng)產部(bu)(bu)(bu)門、倉儲部(bu)(bu)(bu)門、銷(xiao)售(shou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門等組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)需網絡。（2）外(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)：指(zhi)企(qi)業外(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，與企(qi)業相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)產和流(liu)通(tong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)涉及的(de)(de)(de)(de)原材料供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)、生(sheng)(sheng)產廠商(shang)、儲運(yun)商(shang)、零售(shou)商(shang)以(yi)及消(xiao)費(fei)者組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)需網絡。內部(bu)(bu)(bu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)和外(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)共同(tong)組成(cheng)(cheng)了企(qi)業產品(pin)從(cong)原材料到(dao)成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)到(dao)消(xiao)費(fei)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)。2、根據復雜程(cheng)度(du)不(bu)同(tong)劃(hua)分，1）直(zhi)接型(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)：在(zai)產品(pin)、服(fu)務、資(zi)(zi)金(jin)和信息(xi)在(zai)往上(shang)游(you)(you)和下游(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)動(dong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，由公司、此公司的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)和此公司的(de)(de)(de)(de)客戶組成(cheng)(cheng)。（2）擴展型(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)：把直(zhi)接供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)和直(zhi)接客戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)客戶包(bao)含在(zai)內，左右這些成(cheng)(cheng)員均參與產品(pin)、服(fu)務、資(zi)(zi)金(jin)和信息(xi)往上(shang)游(you)(you)和下游(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)動(dong)過程(cheng)。（3）終端型(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)：包(bao)括(kuo)參與產品(pin)、服(fu)務、資(zi)(zi)金(jin)、信息(xi)從(cong)終端供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)到(dao)終端消(xiao)費(fei)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)(suo)有往上(shang)游(you)(you)和下游(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)動(dong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)(suo)有組織。供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)理需要進行風(feng)險管(guan)理，以(yi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)對各種不(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)因素。深圳服(fu)裝供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)外(wai)包(bao)公司

供應鏈管理需要進行團隊(dui)管理，以提高團隊(dui)凝聚力(li)和(he)執行力(li)。國際供應鏈管理流(liu)程

供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)如何運作？盡管(guan)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)非(fei)常復雜(za)，但只需五個步驟。以下(xia)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)些步驟及其工作原理(li)。1、計劃，供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)策略性部(bu)分，公司需要(yao)(yao)有一個好的(de)(de)策略對(dui)現有的(de)(de)資源(yuan)進行(xing)整合(he)管(guan)理(li)，及時向客(ke)戶提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)符(fu)合(he)其要(yao)(yao)求產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)同時削減(jian)成(cheng)本(ben)。2、采購，選(xuan)擇供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商時對(dui)其進行(xing)資質審查(cha)，與(yu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商建立一套定價(jia)、配(pei)送和付款(kuan)流(liu)程，并(bing)(bing)針對(dui)采購業務(wu)多樣化的(de)(de)特點靈(ling)活變(bian)通(tong)，與(yu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)貨(huo)(huo)(huo)品與(yu)服務(wu)的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)流(liu)程相結合(he)。3、制造，對(dui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程、生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)周期、物(wu)料領用、生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)進度和反饋等環節(jie)進行(xing)控(kong)制，降(jiang)低(di)運營(ying)成(cheng)本(ben)，縮短(duan)交貨(huo)(huo)(huo)時間、減(jian)少庫存，通(tong)過設備的(de)(de)有效(xiao)運用提(ti)(ti)收(shou)(shou)益性。4、配(pei)送，配(pei)送，部(bu)分人也稱之為(wei)“物(wu)流(liu)”，是(shi)(shi)調整用戶的(de)(de)定單收(shou)(shou)據、建立倉庫網(wang)絡、派遞送人員提(ti)(ti)貨(huo)(huo)(huo)并(bing)(bing)送貨(huo)(huo)(huo)到顧客(ke)手中(zhong)、建立商品計價(jia)系(xi)統、接收(shou)(shou)付款(kuan)。5、退貨(huo)(huo)(huo)，屬于供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)中(zhong)的(de)(de)問(wen)題處理(li)部(bu)分。為(wei)客(ke)戶退回的(de)(de)次品和多余產(chan)(chan)(chan)品建立一個專門(men)的(de)(de)網(wang)絡，并(bing)(bing)在客(ke)戶應(ying)用產(chan)(chan)(chan)品途(tu)中(zhong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)問(wen)題給予支持(chi)幫助(zhu)。國(guo)際供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)管(guan)理(li)流(liu)程

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