在頂管(guan)(guan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中比(bi)較(jiao)為流行的(de)(de)(de)有三(san)種平衡(heng)理論(lun)：氣壓(ya)平衡(heng)、泥(ni)水(shui)平衡(heng)和(he)(he)土壓(ya)平衡(heng)理論(lun)。頂管(guan)(guan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)比(bi)較(jiao)突出的(de)(de)(de)特點就是(shi)適應(ying)性問題。針(zhen)對不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)地質情(qing)況、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)條(tiao)件(jian)和(he)(he)設計要求，選用(yong)與之適應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)頂管(guan)(guan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方式，如何正確地選擇(ze)頂管(guan)(guan)機和(he)(he)配套輔助設備，對于頂管(guan)(guan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)來說將是(shi)非常(chang)(chang)關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)。經(jing)過多年的(de)(de)(de)發展，頂管(guan)(guan)技術(shu)在我國(guo)已得(de)到(dao)大量地實際(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程應(ying)用(yong)，且保持(chi)著高(gao)(gao)速的(de)(de)(de)增長(chang)勢(shi)頭，無論(lun)在技術(shu)上(shang)、頂管(guan)(guan)設備還是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)上(shang)取得(de)了(le)很大的(de)(de)(de)進步，在某些(xie)方面甚至已達到(dao)了(le)很高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平。2001年上(shang)海隧道股份有限公司在江蘇(su)省常(chang)(chang)州完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)了(le)長(chang)2050m、直徑(jing)2m的(de)(de)(de)鋼筋(jin)水(shui)泥(ni)管(guan)(guan)頂管(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程，是(shi)已完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)我國(guo)比(bi)較(jiao)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)頂管(guan)(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程。工(gong)(gong)(gong)作井和(he)(he)接收井上(shang)部采(cai)用(yong)人(ren)機配合開完(wan)(wan)，下(xia)部采(cai)取人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)開挖作法(fa)作業。翔安區DN1000鋼管(guan)(guan)頂管(guan)(guan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)

長期以來(lai)，城市(shi)建(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，城市(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路被頻繁(fan)開挖嚴重影響了(le)人民的(de)(de)生活。一項非(fei)開挖施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)——頂(ding)管(guan)(guan)(guan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)，不需開挖地面，并且能夠穿越(yue)公路、鐵路、河道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、湖泊、建(jian)筑物、以及各種地下管(guan)(guan)(guan)線等，解決了(le)市(shi)政施(shi)工(gong)(gong)難題(ti)，而且，頂(ding)管(guan)(guan)(guan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)隨(sui)著城市(shi)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)已(yi)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)普(pu)及，已(yi)運用到(dao)給(gei)排水(shui)、煤(mei)氣、電力、通信等管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。頂(ding)管(guan)(guan)(guan)法施(shi)工(gong)(gong)就是(shi)在工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)坑內借助于頂(ding)進設(she)備產(chan)生的(de)(de)頂(ding)力，克服管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)與周(zhou)圍土(tu)壤的(de)(de)摩擦力，將(jiang)(jiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)按設(she)計的(de)(de)坡度頂(ding)入土(tu)中(zhong)，并將(jiang)(jiang)土(tu)方運走。一節管(guan)(guan)(guan)子完(wan)成頂(ding)入土(tu)層(ceng)之后(hou)，再(zai)下第二節管(guan)(guan)(guan)子繼續頂(ding)進。其原理是(shi)借助于主頂(ding)油(you)缸及管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)間(jian)、中(zhong)繼間(jian)等推力，把工(gong)(gong)具管(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)掘進機從工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)坑內穿過土(tu)層(ceng)一直推進到(dao)接收坑內吊起。管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)緊隨(sui)工(gong)(gong)具管(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)掘進機后(hou)，埋(mai)設(she)在兩坑之間(jian)。翔安區DN2700水(shui)泥頂(ding)管(guan)(guan)(guan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)設(she)備測(ce)量時，應對(dui)儀器進行檢查(cha)調整(zheng)，對(dui)原始記錄作(zuo)詳細校對(dui)。

在(zai)頂進(jin)過程中(zhong)不(bu)斷(duan)注漿(jiang)，由于(yu)施(shi)工擾動，管(guan)(guan)道上方(fang)的(de)土體(ti)沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)為嚴重(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)達(da)到10mm，成放射狀向上擴展，并且沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)量(liang)在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)縮小；管(guan)(guan)道下(xia)方(fang)土體(ti)有拱起(qi)，比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)拱起(qi)量(liang)可(ke)(ke)達(da)到9mm。不(bu)同溫度下(xia)處理(li)3d玉(yu)米種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)4d平(ping)(ping)均發(fa)芽率(lv)見(jian)圖1，玉(yu)米種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)在(zai)不(bu)同溫度下(xia)處理(li)3d的(de)7d平(ping)(ping)均發(fa)芽率(lv)見(jian)圖2。在(zai)開挖(wa)計算初期(qi)，地(di)表(biao)的(de)監測(ce)點沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)位(wei)移變化(hua)速(su)率(lv)很快，隨(sui)著(zhu)觸變泥漿(jiang)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，位(wei)移沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)量(liang)變化(hua)速(su)率(lv)減慢(man)，逐漸(jian)趨于(yu)穩定值(zhi)。在(zai)施(shi)工完成后，觸變泥漿(jiang)固化(hua)，隨(sui)之對上方(fang)土體(ti)起(qi)到很大(da)的(de)支撐作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，土體(ti)沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)有一定的(de)恢復，且越接近地(di)表(biao)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)越小。管(guan)(guan)道正(zheng)上方(fang)的(de)地(di)表(biao)沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，監測(ce)點按2m間距(ju)布置，在(zai)距(ju)離(li)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)線12m處地(di)表(biao)沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)為0.03mm，幾乎沒(mei)有位(wei)移沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)；在(zai)距(ju)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)線12m范圍內施(shi)工會引起(qi)地(di)表(biao)沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，在(zai)此范圍內應該加強地(di)表(biao)沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)現場監測(ce)。

2001年8月～12月嘉興市污水處(chu)理排(pai)海(hai)工(gong)(gong)程一(yi)次(ci)頂(ding)進(jin)2050m超(chao)長(chang)距離(li)鋼(gang)筋(jin)混凝土頂(ding)管(guan)，由于選擇了合理的(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)管(guan)機具型(xing)式、成(cheng)功地(di)解決了減阻(zu)泥(ni)漿運用(yong)和軸線控制(zhi)等技(ji)術難題，用(yong)約5個月完成(cheng)全部頂(ding)進(jin)施工(gong)(gong)，創造(zao)了新的(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)管(guan)施工(gong)(gong)記錄。全長(chang)3600m、管(guan)徑為1.8米的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)管(guan)從(cong)(cong)23至25米深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)下(xia)于2002年9月成(cheng)功橫穿黃(huang)(huang)河，無(wu)論從(cong)(cong)頂(ding)進(jin)長(chang)度(du)、埋深(shen)、地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)件，還是(shi)鋼(gang)管(guan)直(zhi)徑在(zai)國內尚(shang)屬(shu)頭(tou)一(yi)次(ci)。其(qi)中比(bi)較長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)段位于黃(huang)(huang)河主河床上，長(chang)達1259米，還要穿越較厚的(de)(de)(de)礫(li)砂層與黃(huang)(huang)河主河槽，既是(shi)我國西氣東輸(shu)項目的(de)(de)(de)關鍵工(gong)(gong)程，也是(shi)世界上復雜(za)地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)件下(xia)大直(zhi)徑鋼(gang)管(guan)一(yi)次(ci)性(xing)頂(ding)進(jin)距離(li)比(bi)較長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)管(guan)工(gong)(gong)程。明確(que)工(gong)(gong)序搭接、工(gong)(gong)種配合、施工(gong)(gong)方法、進(jin)度(du)等施工(gong)(gong)安排(pai)。

施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)測(ce)量(liang)1、測(ce)量(liang)準備工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)（1）進(jin)(jin)場(chang)后(hou)對(dui)甲(jia)方提(ti)供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)控制(zhi)點、水(shui)準點和(he)標高進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)現場(chang)復(fu)測(ce)，填妥《測(ce)量(liang)復(fu)核記錄》并簽字備案。（2）測(ce)量(liang)控制(zhi)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)設(she)：根據甲(jia)方所(suo)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)控制(zhi)點及國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)關(guan)規范(fan)和(he)有(you)(you)關(guan)設(she)計、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)規范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，以測(ce)量(liang)控制(zhi)網作(zuo)為該工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面(mian)、高程(cheng)(cheng)控制(zhi)和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)測(ce)量(liang)放樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首級控制(zhi)及依據。（3）各種測(ce)量(liang)儀器、工(gong)(gong)具均應(ying)按有(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)管(guan)理規定，在使(shi)(shi)用前送有(you)(you)關(guan)部門進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)檢(jian)測(ce)，取(qu)得有(you)(you)關(guan)持檢(jian)部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合格(ge)證(zheng)書后(hou)才(cai)能使(shi)(shi)用。使(shi)(shi)用過程(cheng)(cheng)中有(you)(you)關(guan)人員應(ying)經常對(dui)所(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀器、工(gong)(gong)具進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)自檢(jian)、自校使(shi)(shi)之保持在良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)中。各分項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)前，應(ying)由項(xiang)目(mu)技術負責(ze)人向參加該項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)體施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)技術交(jiao)底。集(ji)美區DN2200水(shui)泥頂管(guan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)價格(ge)

車(che)輛進出聽從(cong)現場指揮，粘土(tu)必須清潔后方(fang)可外運確保市容整潔。翔安區DN1000鋼管頂管施工技術

泥(ni)水(shui)(shui)推進(jin)(jin)工法有如下(xia)(xia)特(te)點：⑴通過刀(dao)盤(pan)(pan)以(yi)及頂速平衡(heng)正面土壓力(li)(li)，調節循(xun)環水(shui)(shui)壓力(li)(li)用(yong)以(yi)平衡(heng)地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)壓力(li)(li)；⑵采(cai)用(yong)流體(ti)輸(shu)送切(qie)(qie)削入泥(ni)倉(cang)的土體(ti)，頂進(jin)(jin)過程中不(bu)間斷，施工速度快(kuai)；⑶無需地基改(gai)良或降水(shui)(shui)處理，施工后地表(biao)沉(chen)降小。泥(ni)水(shui)(shui)式(shi)推進(jin)(jin)工法所采(cai)用(yong)的掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)機(ji)常用(yong)的有刀(dao)盤(pan)(pan)可(ke)伸(shen)縮(suo)(suo)式(shi)泥(ni)水(shui)(shui)平衡(heng)掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)機(ji)和(he)偏心破碎泥(ni)水(shui)(shui)平衡(heng)掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)機(ji)。刀(dao)盤(pan)(pan)可(ke)伸(shen)縮(suo)(suo)式(shi)泥(ni)水(shui)(shui)平衡(heng)掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)機(ji)如需穿越建筑物(wu)、構造物(wu)、埋設(she)物(wu)等對地面沉(chen)降要求很小的情況下(xia)(xia)，可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)刀(dao)盤(pan)(pan)可(ke)伸(shen)縮(suo)(suo)式(shi)泥(ni)水(shui)(shui)平衡(heng)掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)機(ji)，此種機(ji)頭(tou)的刀(dao)盤(pan)(pan)是一個直徑比(bi)掘(jue)進(jin)(jin)機(ji)前(qian)殼體(ti)略(lve)小的具有一定剛度的圓(yuan)盤(pan)(pan)。圓(yuan)盤(pan)(pan)中還嵌(qian)有切(qie)(qie)削刀(dao)和(he)刀(dao)架。刀(dao)盤(pan)(pan)和(he)切(qie)(qie)削刀(dao)架之間可(ke)以(yi)同步(bu)伸(shen)縮(suo)(suo)，也可(ke)以(yi)單獨伸(shen)縮(suo)(suo)。翔安區DN1000鋼管(guan)(guan)頂管(guan)(guan)施工技術

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